QIS (Quadratic Intelligence Swarm) vs HPE Swarm Learning: Why Routing Outcomes Beats Routing Gradients

Cross-hospital health AI runs into the same wall every time: patient data cannot move freely between institutions. HIPAA, GDPR, IRB restrictions, and plain institutional self-interest all say no. The question is not whether to federate - it is how. Two architectures answer that question differently. HPE Swarm Learning, published in Nature in 2021 (Saldanha ), distributes the model