Nationality encoding in language model hidden states: Probing culturally differentiated representations in persona-conditioned academic text

ArXi:2604.10151v1 Announce Type: new Large language models are increasingly used as writing tools and pedagogical resources in English for Academic Purposes, but it remains unclear whether they encode culturally differentiated representations when generating academic text. This study tests whether Gemma-3-4b-it encodes nationality-discriminative information in hidden states when generating research article