Physical Foundation Models: Fixed hardware implementations of large-scale neural networks

ArXi:2604.27911v1 Announce Type: new Foundation models are deep neural networks (such as GPT-5, Gemini~3, and Opus~4) trained on large datasets that can perform diverse downstream tasks -- text and code generation, question answering, summarization, image classification, and so on. The philosophy of foundation models is to put effort into a single, large (${\sim}10^{12}$-parameter) general-purpose model that can be adapted to many downstream tasks with no or minimal additional