Confronting Label Indeterminacy in Automated Bail Decisions

ArXi:2605.04073v1 Announce Type: cross Bail decisions present a fundamental challenge for data-driven decision systems. When bail is denied, the counterfactual outcome of whether the defendant would have appeared in court remains unobserved. As a result, historical bail data embed structural label indeterminacy: future decisions are influenced by past decisions whose outcomes are only partially knowable. Building automated systems on such data risks