Resource-Element Energy Difference for Noncoherent Over-the-Air Federated Learning

ArXi:2605.07263v1 Announce Type: cross Over-the-air federated learning (OTA-FL) reduces uplink latency by exploiting waveform superposition, but conventional analog aggregation schemes typically require instantaneous channel state information (CSI), channel inversion, and coherent phase alignment, which can be difficult to maintain in practical wireless systems. This paper proposes resource-element energy difference (REED), a noncoherent aggregation primitive for continuous signed updates that avoids instantaneous.