Constant-Target Energy Matching: A Unified Framework for Continuous and Discrete Density Estimation

ArXi:2605.09085v1 Announce Type: new Density estimation is a central primitive in probabilistic modeling, yet continuous, discrete, and mixed-variable domains are often treated by separate objectives, limiting the ability to exploit a common statistical structure across data types. Continuous score-based methods rely on log-density gradients, while discrete extensions typically use concrete score whose unbounded targets become unstable near low-probability states. We