Elite Polarization in European Parliamentary Speeches: a Novel Measurement Approach Using Large Language Models

ArXi:2507.06658v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Theories of cratic stability, populism, and party-system crisis often point to a form of polarization that comparative research rarely measures directly: hostile relations among political elites. Existing comparative measures capture adjacent phenomena, including mass affective polarization, or elite ideological distance, but not directed mutual elite evaluation. This paper