Incorporating rank-free coupling and external field via an incoherent modulated spatial photonic Ising machine

ArXi:2512.21587v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Spatial photonic Ising machines offer a novel optical platform for optimization and spin-model simulation, but existing diffraction-based schemes rely on auxiliary spins or multiplexing to encode high-rank couplings and external fields, reducing either speed or spin count. We nstrate an amplitude-only, rank-free spatial photonic Ising machine in which arbitrary Ising Hamiltonians are encoded as Hadamard products on aligned amplitude and binary spatial modulators and read out by a single-pixel intensity measurement.