Representing Higher-Order Networks: A Survey of Graph-Based Frameworks

ArXi:2605.12509v1 Announce Type: cross Many real-world phenomena are naturally modeled by graphs and networks. However, classical graph models are often limited to pairwise interactions and may not adequately capture the richer structures that arise in practice. Higher-order graph formalisms extend this framework by incorporating multiway, hierarchical, temporal, multilayer, recursive, and tensor-based interactions, thereby providing expressive representations of complex systems.